The heaviest 12-gauge loads our North American ammunition companies offered in 1904 were 3 1/2-drams of bulk smokeless powder or 28-grains of dense smokeless powder (such as Infallible or Ballistite) pushing 1 1/4 ounce of shot. Such loads could be had in the 12-gauge 2 3/4-inch or longer cases. In those days the longer shells had more/better wadding, which many shooters believed an advantage, not heavier pay loads. The pressure of those loads was a bit higher that modern day SAAMI specs. When progressive burning smokeless powder, high velocity loads (Western Super-X, Peter High-Velocity, Remington Nitro Express, etc.), came out circa 1922, they moved out that 12-gauge 1 1/4-ounce load at higher velocity but actually lower pressure than the old bulk or dense smokeless powders. That did subject stock heads and bolting to greater recoil forces.
While no one can tell you over the internet what ammunition may or may not be suitable in a given gun, I'd bet the chambers in the 1904 gun are at least 2 5/8-inches which is perfectly suitable for 2 3/4-inch shells.
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